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The shift to pass/fail grading in undergraduate medical education was designed to reduce medical students' stress. However, this change has given rise to a "shadow economy of effort," as students move away from traditional didactic and clinical learning to engage in increasing numbers of research, volunteer, and work experiences to enhance their residency applications. These extracurricular efforts to secure a residency position are sub-phenomena of the hidden curriculum.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe existence of a shadow economy is recognized as an impediment to sustainable development. By applying the Bayesian approaches, the current article investigates the linkage between financial development, green trade, and the scope of the shadow economy, aiming to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of how these factors address the challenge posed by the shadow economy in Emerging and Growth-Leading Economies (EAGLE) from 2003 to 2016. The results demonstrate that (i) The progress of the financial sector is expected to diminish the scale of the shadow economy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Sci Pollut Res Int
March 2024
School of Economics, Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Open Res Eur
January 2024
Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusimaa, FI-00014, Finland.
Russia has become one of the main migration hubs worldwide following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The vast majority of migrant workers travel to Russia from three Central Asian countries. However, Russian immigration laws and policies are ambiguous and highly punitive.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHeliyon
November 2023
University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, 59C Nguyen Dinh Chieu, District 3, Ho Chi Minh city, 700000, Viet Nam.
This paper investigates one of the positive contributions of tourism to the economy through the lens of its influences on the shadow economy. Specifically, our study analyzes the effects of five indicators of tourism consumption (including domestic tourism spending, international travel and tourism consumption, business tourism spending, leisure tourism spending, and outbound tourism spending on the percentage of shadow economy to GDP) in 129 economies between 1996 and 2015. We find interesting results that contribute to the existing literature about tourism economics.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!