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Effects of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of Western equine encephalitis virus in South America.
Public Health
December 2024
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, CEP 05509-300, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Objectives: The Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a globally relevant vector-borne pathogen that causes encephalitis. The role of environmental variables in the epidemiology of WEEV has become greater in the context of climate change. In December 2023, a significant resurgence of WEEV began in South America, with major ongoing outbreaks in Argentina and Uruguay.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnalysis of Powassan Virus Genome Sequences from Human Cases Reveals Substantial Genetic Diversity with Implications for Molecular Assay Development.
Viruses
October 2024
Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-borne virus that causes severe meningoencephalitis in the United States, Canada, and Russia. Serology is generally the preferred diagnostic modality, but PCR on cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or urine has an important role, particularly in immunocompromised patients who are unable to mount a serologic response. Although the perceived poor sensitivity of PCR in the general population may be due to the biology of infection and health-seeking behavior (with short viremic periods that end before hospital presentation), limitations in assay design may also contribute.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRevisiting the risk of introduction of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) into the United States - An updated semi-quantitative risk assessment.
One Health
December 2024
Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is associated with encephalitis in humans and reproductive and neurological illness in pigs. JEV has expanded beyond its native distribution in southeast Asia, with identifications in Europe (2010) and Africa (2016), and most recently, its spread into mainland Australia (2021-2022). The introduction of JEV into the United States (US) is a public health risk, and could also impact animal health and the food supply.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLaboratory Testing for Powassan Virus: Past, Present, and Future.
J Infect Dis
August 2024
Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Powassan virus is a tick-borne flavivirus that can cause severe neuroinvasive disease, with areas of endemicity in the Northeast and Midwest United States, Canada, and Russia. Diagnosis is challenging and relies on a high index of suspicion and choosing the right test based on duration of infection and the patient's immune status. This review covers laboratory testing for Powassan virus, including historical considerations, modern options, and methods being developed in the research space.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCurrent Status of La Crosse Virus in North America and Potential for Future Spread.
Am J Trop Med Hyg
May 2024
Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
La Crosse virus (LACV) is an arthropod-borne RNA virus with substantial potential for future spread in North America. La Crosse virus is responsible for La Crosse encephalitis, a leading cause of arboviral encephalitis in children in the United States. Primarily transmitted by Aedes triseriatus (Eastern treehole) mosquitos and amplified by small mammal hosts, LACV has caused infections throughout the upper Midwest and, more recently, the mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States.
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