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A 72-year-old man received rifampicin, ethambutol and sitafloxacin to treat clarithromycin (CAM)-resistant complex (MAC) lung disease. He was admitted because of fever. Pneumothorax and pleural effusion were present in the right lung, and a new consolidation appeared in the right upper lobe.

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The pathography of the famous painter and sculptor Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920) shows that he had tuberculosis and died of tubercular meningitis aged 35. The nineteenth century was characterized by numerous milestones in the history of tuberculosis. In 1853, Hermann Brehmer, first used the term tuberculosis referred to at the time as "phthisis".

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The millennial flight against tuberculosis has been characterized by several defeats. Roman physicians suggested to consumptives better nutrition, sea voyages and change of air, while, during the Middle Ages, 'royal touch' were considered as an effective remedy for scrofula. In the following centuries, phthisis was cured using old herbal preparations and new chemical compounds, mainly aimed at soothing symptoms; in addition, harmful approaches (for example, bleeding and purging) were commonly accepted, according to medical theories of that time.

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[Brief history of the development of artificial pneumothorax].

Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi

March 2010

Department of the History and Philosophy of Science, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.

Artificial pneumothorax (AP), was one kind of surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis which injects the air into the pleural cavity by needle tubes to form the artificial pneumothorax. It was applied in a clinic by the Italian physician Carlo Forlanini in 1894. In the subsequent 20 years, this therapy has not been paid attention to in medical circles until 1912 when it received recognition and gradually became the primary therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in Europe and America.

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Acute pneumonia and empyema caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare.

Intern Med

October 2006

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection is rarely accompanied by pleural involvement. We report a very rare case of M. intracellulare pulmonary disease with pleural empyema.

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