Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
The transcription factor GATA-3 has been shown to play an important role for the in vitro induction of T(h)2 cells. To clarify how the in vivo immune response is governed under GATA-3 function, we generated double-transgenic mice by crossing GATA-3 transgenic mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-specific TCR transgenic mice. After immunization with OVA, the double-transgenic mice showed increased expression of GATA-3 in antigen-reactive fresh CD4(+) T cells, and higher production of IL-5 and IL-13 in cultured spleen cells in the presence of cognate antigen without any polarizing conditions for T(h)2 cells. Moreover, the immunized double-transgenic mice showed a higher increase of in vivo secretion of IL-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after OVA aerosol challenging. The serum levels of OVA-specific IgG1, IgE and IgA antibodies were much higher in the immunized double-transgenic mice than TCR transgenic mice. These findings provide direct evidence that antigen-stimulated CD4(+) T cells in the immunized mice have already been committed into T(h)2 cells producing IL-5 and IL-13 selectively through enhanced GATA-3 expression in vivo, thereby inducing higher production of antigen-specific antibody for three isotypes other than IgM.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxh026 | DOI Listing |
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