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Human exposures to immobilising agents: results of an online survey.
Vet Rec
August 2010
Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1160 Vienna, Austria.
Cases of human exposure to veterinary injectable anaesthetics were reviewed following a literature search and completion of an online questionnaire in an attempt to provide an objective approach to the problem. The modified Glasgow Coma Scale was used to rank cases according to their severity. From the cases examined, results showed that intoxication with potent opioids, such as etorphine, carfentanil and thiafentanil, need to be treated with antagonists such as naloxone, nalmefene or naltrexone, and not with antagonists with agonistic properties, such as diprenorphine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntentional overdose of Large Animal Immobilon.
Eur J Emerg Med
October 2004
Department of Emergency, University Hospital, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
We describe a case of voluntary self-injection with Large Animal Immobilon, a veterinary anaesthesia product containing etorphine, a very strong opioid, and acepromazine, a phenothiazine. This resulted in cardiorespiratory arrest and the need for sustained haemodynamic support after resuscitation. Large Animal Immobilon is used under specific conditions only, mainly in zoo and wildlife medicine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA previously unidentified acepromazine metabolite in humans: implications for the measurement of acepromazine in blood.
J Anal Toxicol
September 1999
Regional Laboratory for Toxicology, City Hospital NHS Teaching Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
High-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection results obtained during the investigation of two cases involving acepromazine prompted us to study the stability of the drug in blood. It was found that acepromazine can undergo in vitro conversion by human red blood cells to 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)promazine, a product that has been reported as a minor urinary metabolite in horse urine but not previously identified in humans. Further, our analytical findings in the two cases examined suggest that 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)promazine may be the major unconjugated metabolite of acepromazine in humans.
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