Circadian variation of arrhythmia onset patterns in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation.

Background: The circadian onset patterns and cycle lengths of atrial tachyarrhythmias (AT) were determined in a group of patients with persistent atrial fibrillation.

Methods: Fifteen patients, mean age 63 +/- 14 years and 80% male, were implanted with the Jewel AF atrial defibrillator (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn) for persistent atrial fibrillation only. Onset times of AT and median onset atrial cycle lengths were determined from device memory.

Results: Over a follow-up period of 23.3 +/- 7 months, 227 episodes of persistent AT were treated by patient-activated atrial defibrillation. The peak onset of persistent AT was nocturnal, with 74% of episodes initiating between 8 pm and 8 am. Eighty-seven percent of the patients experienced an additional 403 paroxysmal AT episodes. These episodes showed a "double-peaked" pattern with the least number of episodes occurring between midnight and 8 am. The mean onset atrial cycle length of persistent AT was significantly shorter than the paroxysmal AT episodes (200 +/- 37 ms vs 240 +/- 39 ms, P <.005). The atrial cycle lengths at arrhythmia onset of both paroxysmal and persistent AT episodes also demonstrated circadian variation.

Conclusion: There is a circadian distribution of onsets for persistent AT with predominance at night. Patients with persistent AF have >1 type of atrial arrhythmia with differences in the onset patterns and atrial cycle lengths, suggesting different triggers and onset mechanisms.