Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), one of major hematopoietic growth factors, activates mature leukocytes. GM-CSF is produced by endothelial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the LPS-induced GM-CSF production may play an important role in the activation of neutrophils on the endothelial surface. 15-Deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and modulates inflammatory reactions by regulating the expression of various genes. We studied the effect of 15d-PGJ2 on the LPS-induced GM-CSF expression in endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured and the expressions of GM-CSF mRNA and protein were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. 15d-PGJ2 inhibited the LPS-induced GM-CSF expression in a concentration-dependent manner; but ciglitazone, another agonist for PPAR-gamma, had no effect. This suggests that 15d-PGJ2 inhibits GM-CSF expression through a mechanism unrelated to PPAR-gamma. 15d-PGJ2 induced, by itself, the expression of interleukin-8, a potent proinflammatory chemokine, in HUVEC. 15d-PGJ2 may regulate inflammatory reactions by controlling the balance of various cytokines.
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