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Gentlemen, husbandmen, and industrious wives: The role of gender in imagining Indian agriculture.
Endeavour
June 2024
Universidad de Chile, Chile. Electronic address:
The Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India (AHSI), founded in 1820, remains the most important producer of English-language knowledge regarding the cultivation of plants in colonial India. Members included missionaries, colonial officials, tea and indigo planters, merchants and bankers, as well as the Bengali bhadralok elites of Calcutta and some Indian princes. The writings it produced were highly gendered.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe election of women as Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Club.
J Microsc
July 2023
I Bishops Orchard, East Hagbourne, England.
The Royal Microscopical Society received its charter in 1866 but it was not until the following century that women were elected as full Fellows of the Society. There is strong evidence that women were using microscopes and reporting scientific observations prior to this but the discussions among the gentlemen of the Society provide a window into the attitudes which prevailed at that time.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPerforming in a different place: the use of a prodigy to the Dublin Philosophical Society.
Br J Hist Sci
September 2020
School of History and Philosophy of Science, the University of Sydney, Carslaw Building F07, Darlington, NSW2006, Australia. Email:
From 8 February until at least 19 April 1686, the Dublin Philosophical Society was occupied with a prodigiously talented young girl whose name was never recorded. She was less than eleven years of age, but still much older than the society itself, which had begun meeting less than three years previously. Although one of many wonders engaging the curiosity of the nascent society, this girl served a surprising range of purposes, so that accompanying her anonymity was a curious malleability.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFShowing and hiding: The flickering visibility of earth workers in the archives of earth science.
Hist Sci
September 2020
Department of History, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
This essay interrogates the motives of eighteenth-century European naturalists to alternately show and hide their laboring-class fossil suppliers. Focusing on rare moments of heightened visibility, I ask why gentlemen naturalists occasionally, deliberately, and even performatively made visible the marginalized science workers on whom they crucially depended but more typically ignored or effaced. Comparing archival fragments from elite works of natural history across a considerable stretch of time and space, including Italy, France, Switzerland, Britain, Ireland, Germany, Spain, and French, Spanish, and British America, this essay sketches the contours of a disparate group of people I term 'earth workers': laborers of very low social rank, such as quarrymen, shepherds, ditch-diggers, and fieldworkers, whose daily labor in and on the earth enabled the discovery of subterranean specimens.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency.
Acad Med
March 2018
E.J.F.M. Custers is researcher in medical education, Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. O. ten Cate is professor of medical education, Center for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
In this article, the authors present a historic overview of the development of medical education in the United States and Europe (in particular the Netherlands), as it relates to the issues of time (duration of the course) and proficiency (performance requirements and examinations). This overview is necessarily limited and based largely on post hoc interpretation, as historic data on time frames are not well documented and the issue of competence has only recently been addressed.During times when there were few, if any, formal regulations, physicians were primarily "learned gentlemen" in command of few effective practical skills, and the duration of education and the competencies acquired by the end of a course simply did not appear to be issues of any interest to universities or state authorities.
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