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This study aims to investigate the crystallographic properties of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (SrHAp) obtained from sand lobster shells (SLS) using various analytical methods. HAp and SrHAp were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using sand lobster () shell waste as a calcium precursor. SLS were calcined at 0 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD).

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The mechanisms that regulate minor and trace element biomineralization in the echinoid skeleton can be primarily controlled biologically (, by the organism and its vital effects) or by extrinsic environmental factors. Assessing the relative role of those controls is essential for understanding echinoid biomineralization, taphonomy, diagenesis, and their potential as geochemical archives. In this study, we (1) contrast geochemical signatures of specimens collected across multiple taxa and environmental settings to assess the effects of environmental and physiological factors on skeletal biomineralogy; and (2) analyze the nanomechanical properties of the echinoid skeleton to assess potential linkages between magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios and skeletal nanohardness.

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