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[Clinical staging of malignant tumors by the TNM system. Contribution of modern imaging procedures in patients with testicular tumors].
Radiologe
August 1987
Röntgenabteilung des Bundeswehrzentralkrankenhauses Koblenz.
For classification of testicular tumors in the TNM-System several modern imaging methods are available: sonography, conventional radiography, lymphography, computer-tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance and scintigraphy. Sonography--usually the first method to be used for reasonable classification--is significantly inferior to lymphography and CT for N and M staging. It remains to be seen if the NMR-methods will reach the good informative standard of CT.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFComputed tomography (CT) is currently the standard modality for staging of urologic cancer in most institutions. It is used for demonstrating nodal involvement, and for demonstrating invasion of the primary lesion into surrounding fat, muscle, or other tissues or organs. It is also useful for demonstrating hepatic metastases in renal and vesical carcinomas.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInferior venacavography was used for revealing enlarged retro- or paracaval lymph nodes, some of which are not visualized by lymphography as they lay above L 2. As criteria for involvement of lymph nodes the dislocation or narrowing of the vena cava and the reflux of contrast medium in the lumbar veins were studied. Venacavography was carried out in 48 consecutive patients with lymphomas: 23 Hodgkin's disease and 25 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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