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Adaptive Cost-Benefit Control Fueled by Striatal Dopamine.
Annu Rev Neurosci
January 2025
Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; email:
The twenty-first century has brought forth a deluge of theories and data shedding light on the neural mechanisms of motivated behavior. Much of this progress has focused on dopaminergic dynamics, including their signaling properties (how do they vary with expectations and outcomes?) and their downstream impacts in target regions (how do they affect learning and behavior?). In parallel, the basal ganglia have been elevated from their original implication in motoric function to a canonical circuit facilitating the initiation, invigoration, and selection of actions across levels of abstraction, from motor to cognitive operations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDuodenal-jejunal bypass ameliorates MASLD in rats by regulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism through FXR pathways.
Hepatol Commun
February 2025
Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Background: Although bariatric and metabolic surgical methods, including duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB), were shown to improve metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in clinical trials and experimental rodent models, their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study therefore evaluated the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of DJB in rats with MASLD.
Methods: Rats with MASLD were randomly assigned to undergo DJB or sham surgery.
Exploring Denosumab in the Treatment of Giant Cell Tumors: Clinical Evidence and Controversies.
J Craniofac Surg
November 2024
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL.
Giant cell tumors (GCTs) are benign but locally aggressive bone neoplasms that primarily affect skeletally mature individuals. They are characterized by a tendency for recurrence and being associated with significant morbidity. Traditional treatment has focused on surgical resection; however, the role of medical therapies, such as Denosumab, a bone anti-resorptive drug, which has been Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for unresectable GCTs since 2013, recently has gained prominence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF3D genomic features across >50 diverse cell types reveal insights into the genomic architecture of childhood obesity.
Elife
January 2025
Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States.
The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide, along with the associated common comorbidities of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in later life. Motivated by evidence for a strong genetic component, our prior genome-wide association study (GWAS) efforts for childhood obesity revealed 19 independent signals for the trait; however, the mechanism of action of these loci remains to be elucidated. To molecularly characterize these childhood obesity loci, we sought to determine the underlying causal variants and the corresponding effector genes within diverse cellular contexts.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGTS-21 modulates rheumatoid arthritis Th17 and Th2 lymphocyte subset differentiation through the ɑ7nAch receptor.
Clin Rheumatol
January 2025
Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Previous research has demonstrated ɑ7nAch receptor (ɑ7nAchR) agonists to provide benefit for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. However, the immunological mechanism of action for these ɑ7nAchR agonists has not been elucidated. Herein, the effect of GTS-21, a selective ɑ7nAchR agonist, on the differentiation of Th17 and Th2 cells was assessed.
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