When morphine, an opioid mu-agonist, was administered in vivo into the third cerebral ventricle (ICV) of conscious sheep at 20 and 40 micrograms/kg body weight, it caused psychomotor excitability for 2-3 h and a significant decrease in the reticuloruminal frequency for 45 min and in the mean amplitude of the primary contractions for 65 min. From 60 min after infusion, the same doses of morphine caused a significant increase in the average amplitude of the contractions for 45 min. This suggests that an inhibitory mu-opioid acceptor is involved in the central control of forestomach motility and general behaviour in sheep. All the effects of morphine were completely prevented by pretreatment with 18.2 micrograms/kg body weight 6-OHDA ICV. These results suggest that both morphine-induced inhibition of rumen motility and psychomotor excitability are due to central noradrenergic descending system activation. The exact location of the noradrenergic system remains to be determined.
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