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Unveiling Gestational Diabetes: An Overview of Pathophysiology and Management.
Int J Mol Sci
March 2025
Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by an inadequate pancreatic β-cell response to pregnancy-induced insulin resistance, resulting in hyperglycemia. The pathophysiology involves reduced incretin hormone secretion and signaling, specifically decreased glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), impairing insulinotropic effects. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), impair insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation, disrupting insulin-mediated glucose uptake.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDetermining Sex-Specific Gene Expression Differences in Human Chorion Trophoblast Cells.
Int J Mol Sci
March 2025
Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
Differences in male (M) and female (F) neonates' premature birth outcomes and placental trophoblast inflammation have been observed but are unknown to occur within the fetal membrane trophoblast layer (chorion trophoblasts [CTC]). This study examined whether sex-based differences in gene expression and inflammatory marker expression can be observed in CTCs under control or infectious inflammatory conditions modeling preterm birth. CTCs from six different patient-derived fetal membrane samples (3M/3F) were cultured and divided into experimental (Lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and control groups for 6, 12, or 24 h.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMaternal Hyperandrogenemia and the Long-Term Neuropsychological, Sex Developmental, and Metabolic Effects on Offspring.
Int J Mol Sci
February 2025
2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieio Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece.
Maternal hormonal and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, can adversely affect the intrauterine environment, resulting in suboptimal fetal growth and an elevated risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in the later life of the offspring. In this review, we examine the long-term impact of elevated maternal androgen levels during pregnancy on offspring. Maternal hyperandrogenemia is linked to various neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and anxiety-like behaviors, mediated by alterations in key brain regions responsible for emotion and cognition.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEvolution of Gene and Its Significance to Temperature Adaptation in Rodents.
Int J Mol Sci
February 2025
Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China.
Adaptive thermogenesis comprises shivering thermogenesis dependent on skeletal muscles and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Although the thermogenic function of was adopted early in some placental mammals, positive selection predominantly occurred in the ancestral branches of small-bodied species. Some previous studies have revealed that rodents living in northern or high mountain regions adapt to cold environments by increasing NST, whereas those living in tropical and subtropical regions that are not exposed to cold stress express low concentrations of , indicating that may have evolved to adapt to ambient temperatures.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNanoplastics as Gene and Epigenetic Modulators of Endocrine Functions: A Perspective.
Int J Mol Sci
February 2025
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
Nanoplastics (NPs) represent a major challenge in environmental contamination resulting from the physical, chemical, and biological degradation of plastics. Their characterization requires advanced and expensive methods, which limit routine analyses. The biological effects of NPs depend on their chemical and physical properties, which influence toxicity and interactions with biological systems.
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