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Novel Tripeptides as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: In Silico and In Vitro Approaches.

Int J Mol Sci

December 2024

Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme responsible for the formation of melanin (a natural skin pigment with ultraviolet-protection properties). However, some people experience melanin overproduction, so new, safe, and biocompatible enzyme inhibitors are sought. New tripeptide tyrosinase inhibitors were developed using molecular modeling.

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In this study, new cinnamic acid linked to triazole acetamide derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for anti-Alzheimer and anti-melanogenesis activities. The structural elucidation of all analogs was performed using different analytical techniques, including H-NMR, C-NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. The synthesized compounds were assessed in vitro for their inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase enzymes.

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Prolonged and unprotected exposure to the environment explicitly influences the development of hyperpigmented lesions. The enzyme tyrosinase (TYR) is a key target for regulating melanin synthesis. Several bioactive compounds derived from plant extracts have been found to possess potent anti-melanogenesis properties against TYR.

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Melanin overexpression causes skin hyperpigmentation, which is associated with various skin disorders and cosmetic concerns. Umbelliferone, a natural coumarin found widely in plant species, has been noted for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects but has received little attention for its impact on melanogenesis. Here, the effects of umbelliferone on melanogenesis were investigated in vitro and in clinical studies.

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Activation of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) mediates melanogenesis in melanocytes, anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory cells, and antifibrotic effects in fibroblasts. Thus, MC1R agonists are expected to be beneficial for treating skin, autoimmune, inflammatory, and fibrotic diseases. Afamelanotide, an α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) analogue MC1R agonist, is used clinically for treating erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) as a subcutaneous implant formulation.

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