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Mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders: a focus on microglia and neuroinflammation.
Front Neurosci
January 2025
Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
The vagus nerve (VN) is the primary parasympathetic nerve, providing two-way communication between the body and brain through a network of afferent and efferent fibers. Evidence suggests that altered VN signaling is linked to changes in the neuroimmune system, including microglia. Dysfunction of microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the brain, is associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and epilepsy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeural circuits underlying context-dependent competition between defensive actions in Drosophila larvae.
Nat Commun
January 2025
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France.
To ensure their survival, animals must be able to respond adaptively to threats within their environment. However, the precise neural circuit mechanisms that underlie flexible defensive behaviors remain poorly understood. Using neuronal manipulations, machine learning-based behavioral detection, electron microscopy (EM) connectomics and calcium imaging in Drosophila larvae, we map second-order interneurons that are differentially involved in the competition between defensive actions in response to competing aversive cues.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF"It's Allowing Space for Vulnerability": Exploring Athletes' Experiences With Trust in Interdependent Sport.
J Sport Exerc Psychol
January 2025
School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
Despite trust being associated with a range of favorable outcomes across high-performing team contexts (e.g., enhanced satisfaction, performance), efforts to investigate the meaning of trust in sport remain limited.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAbnormal cardiovascular control during exercise: Role of insulin resistance in the brain.
Auton Neurosci
January 2025
Departments of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Electronic address:
During exercise circulatory adjustments to meet oxygen demands are mediated by multiple autonomic mechanisms, the skeletal muscle exercise pressor reflex (EPR), the baroreflex (BR), and by feedforward signals from central command neurons in higher brain centers. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues includes sensitization of skeletal muscle afferents by hyperinsulinemia which is in part responsible for the abnormally heightened EPR function observed in diabetic animal models and patients. However, the role of insulin signaling within the central nervous system (CNS) is receiving increased attention as a potential therapeutic intervention in diseases with underlying insulin resistance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEffects of Capsaicin on Masticatory and Swallowing Function.
J Oral Rehabil
January 2025
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
Introduction: Recent studies have shown that capsaicin improves the pharyngeal swallowing reflex. However, the mechanism by which capsaicin alters mastication and oesophageal function remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of capsaicin on masticatory and oesophageal function.
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