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The First Large Identification of 3ANX and NX Producing Isolates of in Manitoba, Western Canada.
Toxins (Basel)
January 2025
Manitoba Agriculture, 65-3rd Avenue NE, Carman, MB R1N 1Y7, Canada.
Fusarium head blight, caused by , continues to be one of the most important and devastating fungal diseases on cereal grains including wheat, barley, and oat crops. produces toxic secondary metabolites that include trichothecene type A and type B mycotoxins. There are many variants of these toxins that are produced, and in the early 2010s, a novel type A trichothecene mycotoxin known as 3ANX (7-α hydroxy,15-deacetylcalonectrin) and its deacetylated product NX (7-α hydroxy, 3,15-dideacetylcalonectrin) were identified in Minnesota, USA.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVenoms and Extracellular Vesicles: A New Frontier in Venom Biology.
Toxins (Basel)
January 2025
Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticle-sized vesicles secreted by nearly all cell types under normal physiological conditions. In toxicological research, EVs have emerged as a crucial link between public health and multi-omics approaches, offering insights into cellular responses to disease-causing injury agents such as environmental and biological toxins, contaminants, and drugs. Notably, EVs present a unique opportunity to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiology of envenomation by natural toxins.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMapping Variability of Mycotoxins in Individual Oat Kernels from Batch Samples: Implications for Sampling and Food Safety.
Toxins (Basel)
January 2025
Magan Centre of Applied Mycology, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
Oats are susceptible to contamination by mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and T-2/HT-2 toxins, posing food safety risks. This study analyses the variation in levels of 14 mycotoxins in 200 individual oat kernels from two DON-contaminated batch samples (mean = 3498 µg/kg) using LC-MS/MS. The samples also contained deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), and ZEN.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLevels and Profile of Tetrodotoxins in Spawning (Palaeonemertea, Nemertea): Assessing the Potential Toxic Pressure on Marine Ecosystems.
Toxins (Basel)
January 2025
A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia.
The ribbon worms of the closely related species , cf. , and , representing the species complex, possess high concentrations of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues in all developmental stages from eggs to adults. It has recently been suggested that the eggs and larvae of these animals can be a source of tetrodotoxins (TTXs) for other aquatic organisms.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAssessment of Toxins and Pesticides in Organic and Conventional Tomato Products: Insights into Contamination Patterns and Food Safety Implications.
Toxins (Basel)
December 2024
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy.
toxins (ATs) are a group of toxins produced by fungi that frequently contaminate tomatoes and tomato products. Recently, the European Food Safety Authority evaluated ATs for their genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. infestation is often controlled using ad hoc treatment strategies (fungicides).
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