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Relationship Between Pituitary Gland and Stem Cell in the Aspect of Hormone Production and Disease Prevention: A Narrative Review.
Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets
January 2025
Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Haryana Chemistry Gurugram India.
Objectives: In the last two decades, scientists have gained a better understanding of several aspects of pituitary development. The signaling pathways that govern pituitary morphology and development have been identified, and the compensatory relationships among them are now known.
Aims: This paper aims to emphasize the wide variety of relationships between Pituitary Gland and Stem cells in hormone Production and disease prevention.
The glycoprotein hormones of humans, produced in the pituitary and acting through receptors in the gonads to support reproduction and in the thyroid gland for metabolism, have co-evolved from invertebrate counterparts . These hormones are heterodimeric cystine-knot proteins; and their receptors bind the cognate hormone at an extracellular domain and transmit the signal of this binding through a transmembrane domain that interacts with a heterotrimeric G protein. Structures determined for the human receptors as isolated for cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) are all monomeric despite compelling evidence for their functioning as dimers .
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicroRNA Expression Profile Is Altered by Short-Term and Chronic Lithium Treatment in a Rat Model of Depression.
J Mol Neurosci
December 2024
Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
Depression is a common disease that affects 3.8% of the global population. Despite various antidepressant treatments, one-third of patients do not respond to antidepressants, therefore augmentation with mood stabilizers such as lithium may be required in this group.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEndocrine adaptations to demanding physiological states in ruminants.
J Dairy Sci
December 2024
Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.
Article Synopsis
- Highly productive ruminants adapt hormonally to optimize nutrient use during pregnancy and lactation, with glucose being a key energy source for both the fetus and milk production.
- Endocrine mechanisms, like insulin resistance, help direct glucose to the placenta and mammary glands, highlighting the role of growth hormone and new signals from adipose tissue in this regulation.
- Recent research has focused on signals like fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and leptin, which play crucial roles in insulin modulation and energy distribution among tissues, particularly during early lactation in dairy cows and late pregnancy in sheep.
The background sodium leak channel NALCN is a major controlling factor in pituitary cell excitability.
J Physiol
December 2024
University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Labs, Exeter, Devon, UK.
The pituitary gland produces and secretes a variety of hormones that are essential to life, such as for the regulation of growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and the stress response. This is achieved through an intricate signalling interplay between the brain and peripheral feedback signals that shape pituitary cell excitability by regulating the ion channel properties of these cells. In addition, endocrine anterior pituitary cells spontaneously fire action potentials to regulate the intracellular calcium ([Ca]) level, an essential signalling conduit for hormonal secretion.
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