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Cultured organotypic hippocampal slices (hOTCs) have become increasingly popular as a model for studying brain function. This model offers significant advantages over traditional in vitro methods, as they allow the examination of mid to long-term manipulations while preserving the structure of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus. In this chapter, we focus on a protocol based on hOTCs of mouse entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, which by integrating techniques such as retroviral injections, immunohistochemistry, and microscopy imaging, physiological or pathological processes can be easily investigated.

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Alternative experimental models based upon isolation and culture of extra-neural NSC/NPC or adult stem cells that can be induced in vitro to generate these cells and NS rely on development of procedures that can demonstrate the identity of cells as NSC/NPC and their compromise with the neural lineage during culture. Gene expression analyses by RT-PCRQ, immunohistochemical localization of characteristic NSC/NPC antigens, analyses of cell populations by flow cytometry, or ultrastructural analyses of in vitro generated NS are the most frequent and reliable methods to demonstrate the molecular and structural hallmarks of NSC/NPCs and NS. Among all these techniques, those aimed to immunolocalize specific NSC/NPC antigens on a cell basis and in a time-dependent fashion throughout culture require skillful NS processing before setting up the technique.

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Purpose: Measure associations between clinicopathological and immunohistochemical human Mut-L homologue 1 (hMLH1) gene, and human Mut-L homologue 2 (hMSH2) genes, variables in recurrent AMBs.

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The ApoE ε4 allele (APOEε4) is a major genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is linked to demyelination and cognitive decline. However, its effects on the lipid transporters apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and fatty acid-binding protein 7 (Fabp7), which are crucial for the maintenance of myelin in white matter (WM) during the progression of AD remain underexplored. To evaluate the effects of APOEε4 on ApoE, Fabp7 and myelin in the WM of the frontal cortex (FC), we examined individuals carrying one ε4 allele that came to autopsy with a premortem clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild to moderate AD compared with non-carrier counterparts.

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: We assessed the influence of long-term injection of magnoflorine (MAG) on memory acquisition in mice for the first time. : This isoquinoline alkaloid that belongs to the aporphines was isolated from the roots of by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) using a biphasic solvent system composed of chloroform: methanol: water in the ratio 4:3:3 (//) with 20 mM of hydrochloric acid and triethylamine, within 64 min. : Our results indicated that long-term injection of MAG 20 mg/kg dose improve the long-term memory acquisition in mice that were evaluated in the passive avoidance (PA) test with no toxicity records.

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