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Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Excessive glutamate transmission can lead to increased calcium ion expression, related to increased neurotoxicity. Memantine is used for treating patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to its protective action on the neurons against toxicity caused by over activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

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Cancer cells tend to increase intracellular pH and, at the same time, are known to intensively produce and uptake polyamines such as spermine. Here, we show that various amines, including biogenic polyamines, boost the activity of proteasomes in a dose-dependent manner. Proteasome activity in the classical amine-containing buffers, such as 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), Tris, (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), glycylglycine, bis-Tris propane, and bicine, has a skewed distribution with a maximum at pH of 7.

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In the pursuit of continuous improvement in the area of biomaterial design, blends of mixed-substituent polyphosphazenes and poly (lactic acid-glycolic acid) (PLGA) were prepared, and their morphology of phase distributions for the first time was studied. The degradation mechanism and osteocompatibility of the blends were also evaluated for their use as regenerative materials. Poly [(ethyl phenylalanato)(glycine ethyl glycinato)phosphazene](PNEPAGEG) and poly [(glycine ethyl glycinato)(phenylphenoxy)phosphazene](PNGEGPhPh) were blended with PLGA at various weight ratios to yield different blends, namely PNEPAGEG-PLGA 25:75, PNEPAGEG-PLGA 50:50, PNGEGPhPh-PLGA 25:75, and PNGEGPhPh-PLGA 50:50.

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In the search for more effective anticancer drugs with less toxic side effects, dipeptides were introduced into the Cu(II) complex of 5-methyl-2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole (HPBM). Analytical and spectroscopic techniques were employed to thoroughly characterize complexes [Cu(Gly-gly)(HPBM)(HO)]ClO·0.5HO (1) and [Cu(Gly-L-leu)(HPBM)(HO)]ClO (2) (where Gly-gly = Glycyl-glycine anion, Gly-L-leu = Glycyl-l-leucine anion).

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Many hydrogenotrophic methanogens use either H or formate as the major electron donor to reduce CO for methane production. The conventional cultivation of these organisms uses H and CO as the substrate with frequent replenishment of gas during growth. H is explosive and requires an expensive gassing system to handle safely.

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