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Cushing syndrome.

Nat Rev Dis Primers

January 2025

Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Québec, Canada.

Cushing syndrome (CS) is a constellation of signs and symptoms caused by excessive exposure to exogenous or endogenous glucocorticoid hormones. Endogenous CS is caused by increased cortisol production by one or both adrenal glands (adrenal CS) or by elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from a pituitary tumour (Cushing disease (CD)) or non-pituitary tumour (ectopic ACTH secretion), which stimulates excessive cortisol production. CS is associated with severe multisystem morbidity, including impaired cardiovascular and metabolic function, infections and neuropsychiatric disorders, which notably reduce quality of life.

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Aescin ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury. A possible implication of ROS / TNF-alpha / p38MAPK / caspase-3 signalling.

Food Chem Toxicol

January 2025

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kaferelsheikh University, Kaferelsheikh, Egypt. Electronic address:

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a commonly known liver disease mediated by prolonged alcohol consumption. Aescin is a triterpene saponin that can manage several conditions, including brain trauma, arthritis, venous congestion, stroke, and thrombophlebitis. Even so, studies illustrating the aescin role in ALD are scarce.

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Biotransformation of Ganoderma lucidum and Hericium erinaceus for ex vivo gut-brain axis modulation and mood-related outcomes in humans: CREB/BDNF signaling and microbiota-driven synergies.

J Ethnopharmacol

January 2025

Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland. Electronic address:

Background: The human gut microbiota plays a crucial role in various aspects of health, extending beyond digestion and nutrient absorption. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) and Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane), traditional medicinal mushrooms, have garnered interest due to their potential to exert positive health effects. The aim of our study was to investigate the molecular impact of Reishi and Lion's Mane on mood regulation through the gut-brain axis.

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Ginkgolide B as a biopsychosocial treatment salvages repeated restraint stress-induced amygdalar anomalies in mice.

IBRO Neurosci Rep

June 2025

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

From preclinical and clinical findings, it has been shown that the amygdala is a critical mediator of stress and primary target for stress effects in the brain. We investigated the neuroprotective effect of Ginkgolide B (GB) in repeated restraint stress-induced behavioral deficit and amygdalar inflammation in mice. Mice were orally pre-treated with GB 20 mg/kg 1 h prior to 4 h restraint stress for 21 consecutive days.

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Essential oils (EOs) exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities; however, their clinical application is hindered by challenges, such as variability in chemical composition and chemical/physical instability. A critical limitation is the lack of chemical consistency across EO samples, which impedes standardization. Despite this, evidence suggests that EOs with differing chemical profiles often display similar (micro)biological activities, raising the possibility of standardizing EOs based on their biological effects rather than their chemical composition.

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