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Sex differences in the murine HPA axis after acute and repeated restraint stress.
Stress
December 2025
Department of Preclinical Fluid Biomarkers & Occupancy, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark.
Chronic stress and stress-related mental illnesses such as major depressive disorder (MDD) constitute some of the leading causes of disability worldwide with a higher prevalence in women compared to men. However, preclinical research into stress and MDD is heavily biased toward using male animals only. Aberrant activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been linked to the development of MDD and several animal models of MDD have been established based on HPA axis dysregulation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAwakening not associated with an increased rate of cortisol secretion.
Proc Biol Sci
January 2025
Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
Cortisol is released upon activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, varies across the day, possesses an underlying diurnal rhythm and is responsive to stressors. The endogenous circadian peak of cortisol occurs in the morning, and increases in cortisol observed post-awakening have been named the cortisol awakening response (CAR) based on the belief that the act of waking up stimulates cortisol secretion. However, objective evidence that awakening induces cortisol secretion is limited.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe immune-inflammatory responses on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the neurovascular unit in perioperative neurocognitive disorder.
Exp Neurol
January 2025
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) refer to a wide spectrum of cognitive impairment persisting days to even after a year postoperative with significant morbidity and mortality. However, despite much efforts involving perioperative managements, PNDs are still prevalent with no standard preventative and therapeutic strategy. To overcome PNDs, a better understanding of pathophysiology of PNDs is crucial and a large number of studies have proven that immune-inflammatory responses from surgical stress are involved in the abnormal activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and destabilization of neurovascular unit (NVU) that lead to PNDs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWhat is the relationship between exposure to environmental pollutants and severe mental disorders? A systematic review on shared biological pathways.
Brain Behav Immun Health
February 2025
Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy.
Severe mental disorders are multi-dimensional constructs, resulting from the interaction of genetic, biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Among the latter, pollution and climate change are frequently being considered in the etiopathogenesis of severe mental disorders. This systematic review aims to investigate the biological mechanisms behind the relationship between environmental pollutants, climate change, and mental disorders.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urocortins on the serotonin (hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) released from the raphe nuclei (RN).
Neuropeptides
January 2025
Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary.
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urocortins (UCN1, UCN2 and UCN3) belong to the same CRF family of neuropeptides. They regulate the neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses to stress via two CRF receptors (CRF1 and CRF2). Stress, anxiety and depression affects the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the serotoninergic neurotransmission, both being regulated by CRF and CRF-related peptides.
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