AI Article Synopsis
- Toll receptors are important proteins found in both animals and insects, playing key roles in development and immune responses.
- Both mammals (like mice and humans) and insects (such as fruit flies and mosquitoes) have around 10 Toll receptors, but these receptors evolved independently in the two groups.
- Research shows that mammalian Toll-like receptors are mainly involved in defense against pathogens, while insect Toll receptors also have significant roles in development.
Article Abstract
Toll receptors are type I transmembrane proteins that play important roles in development and immunity in animals. Comparison of the genomes of mouse and human on one side and of the fruitfly Drosophila and the mosquito Anopheles (two dipteran insects) on the other, revealed that the four species possess a similar number of Toll receptors (approximately 10). However, phylogenetic analyses indicate that the families of Toll receptors expanded independently in insects and mammals. We review recent results on these receptors, which point to differences in the activation and signaling between Tolls in insects and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mammals. Whereas mammalian TLRs appear to be solely dedicated to host-defense, insect Tolls may be predominantly linked to other functions, probably developmental.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0403160 | DOI Listing |
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