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Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
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Filename: Session/Session.php
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Function: require_once
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Message: Undefined array key "choices"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
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Function: require_once
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 249
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Function: require_once
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
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Filename: models/Detail_model.php
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Function: strpos
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Function: insertAPISummary
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Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
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Function: str_replace
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Function: formatAIDetailSummary
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) contains three positive-sense, single-stranded genomic RNAs, designated alpha, beta, and gamma, that encode seven major proteins and one minor translational readthrough protein. Three proteins (alphaa, betaa, and gammaa) are translated directly from the genomic RNAs and the remaining proteins encoded on RNAbeta and RNAgamma are expressed via three subgenomic messenger RNAs (sgRNAs). sgRNAbeta1 directs synthesis of the triple gene block 1 (TGB1) protein. The TGB2 protein, the TGB2' minor translational readthrough protein, and the TGB3 protein are expressed from sgRNAbeta2, which is present in considerably lower abundance than sgRNAbeta1. A third sgRNA, sgRNAgamma, is required for expression of the gammab protein. We have used deletion analyses and site-specific mutations to define the boundaries of promoter regions that are critical for expression of the BSMV sgRNAs in infected protoplasts. The results reveal that the sgRNAbeta1 promoter encompasses positions -29 to -2 relative to its transcription start site and is adjacent to a cis-acting element required for RNAbeta replication that maps from -107 to -74 relative to the sgRNAbeta1 start site. The core sgRNAbeta2 promoter includes residues -32 to -17 relative to the sgRNAbeta2 transcriptional start site, although maximal activity requires an upstream hexanucleotide sequence residing from positions -64 to -59. The sgRNAgamma promoter maps from -21 to +2 relative to its transcription start site and therefore partially overlaps the gammaa gene. The sgRNAbeta1, beta2, and gamma promoters also differ substantially in sequence, but have similarities to the putative homologous promoters of other Hordeiviruses. These differences are postulated to affect competition for the viral polymerase, coordination of the temporal expression and abundance of the TGB proteins, and constitutive expression of the gammab protein.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00285-x | DOI Listing |
Chem Sci
December 2024
Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL) Pune 411 008 India
The isoquinoline core is present in one of the largest subsets of bioactive natural products. The multifunctional isoquinoline core exerts diverse bioactivity, resulting in the development of numerous isoquinoline-based drugs and molecules that are currently under clinical trials. We developed a new approach for phosphite-mediated [1,2] alkyl migration for an overall -C-H alkylation -alkylation of isoquinoline.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClin Transl Gastroenterol
December 2024
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School at The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
Background: Because biologic and small molecule therapy is expensive, payors have mandated pre-authorizations for these medications, often resulting in a lengthy approval process. The aims of this study are to assess the frequency of and risk factors for delays in starting advanced therapies assessing insurance, care team, and patient-related factors.
Methods: Retrospective, multi-center study of adult inflammatory bowel disease patients with prescriptions for an advanced therapy in two geographically distinct academic gastroenterology practices; one with and the other without a dedicated pharmacist.
J Blood Med
December 2024
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Gallbladder adenocarcinoma has a high mortality rate, with approximately 1.7% cancer-related deaths worldwide. Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), can significantly increase the risk of mortality within cancer patients, especially in pancreatic, brain, and intra-abdominal cancers, as well as in advanced and metastatic cancers.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAngew Chem Int Ed Engl
December 2024
Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main Fachbereich 14 Biochemie Chemie und Pharmazie, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY.
Protein kinases are important drug targets, yet specific inhibitors have been developed for only a fraction of the more than 500 human kinases. A major challenge in designing inhibitors for highly related kinases is selectivity. Unlike their non-covalent counterparts, covalent inhibitors offer the advantage of selectively targeting structurally similar kinases by modifying specific protein side chains, particularly non-conserved cysteines.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMethods Mol Biol
December 2024
Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Mass spectrometry-based investigation of the heterogeneous glycoproteome from complex biological specimens is a robust approach to mapping the structure, function, and dynamics of the glycome and proteome. Sampling whole wet tissues often provides a large amount of starting material; however, there is a reasonable variability in tissue handling prior to downstream processing steps, and it is difficult to capture all the different biomolecules from a specific region. The on-slide tissue digestion approach, outlined in this protocol chapter, is a simple and cost-effective method that allows comprehensive mapping of the glycoproteome from a single spot of tissue of 1 mm or greater diameter.
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