Motor neurons in the spinal cord are grouped into motor pools, each of which innervates a single muscle. The ETS transcription factor PEA3 is a marker of a few such motor pools. Here, we show that pea3 is first induced by GDNF in a caudal subset of the motor neurons that will constitute the pea3+ population. Expansion of the pea3 domain subsequently occurs by recruitment of neurons from more anterior segments. Signaling by Met, the HGF receptor, is required for the rostral expansion of the pea3 domain, while the onset of pea3 expression is independent of met function. met expression is observed in pioneer neurons but does not precede that of pea3 in recruited neurons. We provide genetic evidence for a non-cell-autonomous function of met during the recruitment process. We propose the presence of a relay mechanism allowing cells induced by peripheral signals to recruit more anterior neurons to adopt the same motor pool-related phenotype.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00493-8 | DOI Listing |
J Integr Neurosci
December 2024
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, 142290 Pushchino, Russia.
Background: Long-term use of levodopa, a metabolic precursor of dopamine (DA) for alleviation of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), can cause a serious side effect known as levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). With the development of LID, high-frequency gamma oscillations (~100 Hz) are registered in the motor cortex (MCx) in patients with PD and rats with experimental PD. Studying alterations in the activity within major components of motor networks during transition from levodopa-off state to dyskinesia can provide useful information about their contribution to the development of abnormal gamma oscillations and LID.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNetw Neurosci
December 2024
Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Striatum, the input stage of the basal ganglia, is important for sensory-motor integration, initiation and selection of behavior, as well as reward learning. Striatum receives glutamatergic inputs from mainly cortex and thalamus. In rodents, the striatal projection neurons (SPNs), giving rise to the direct and the indirect pathway (dSPNs and iSPNs, respectively), account for 95% of the neurons, and the remaining 5% are GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAdv Sci (Weinh)
December 2024
State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, National Biomedical Imaging Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
Dopamine (DA) in the striatum is vital for motor and cognitive behaviors. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons generate both tonic and phasic action potential (AP) firing patterns in behavior mice. Besides AP numbers, whether and how different AP firing patterns per se modulate DA release remain largely unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
December 2024
BioMag Laboratory, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki and Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki, Finland.
A novel variant of paired-associative stimulation (PAS) consisting of high-frequency peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) and high-intensity transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) above the motor cortex, called high-PAS, can lead to improved motor function in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. In PAS, the interstimulus interval (ISI) between the PNS and TMS pulses plays a significant role in the location of the intended effect of the induced plastic changes. While conventional PAS protocols (single TMS pulse often applied with intensity close to resting motor threshold, and single PNS pulse) usually require precisely defined ISIs, high-PAS can induce plasticity at a wide range of ISIs and also in spite of small ISI errors, which is helpful in clinical settings where precise ISI determination can be challenging.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
December 2024
Neurogenetics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, uniformly lethal degenerative disease of motor neurons, presenting with relentlessly progressive muscle atrophy and weakness. More than fifty genes carrying causative or disease-modifying variants have been identified since the 1990s, when the first ALS-associated variant in the gene SOD1 was discovered. The most commonly mutated ALS genes in the European populations include the C9orf72, SOD1, TARDBP and FUS.
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