Prolonged exposure counterconditioning as a treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.

A counterconditioning model is presented from which the behavioral treatment prolonged exposure counterconditioning (PEC) was developed. The first part of a PEC session is intended to increase trauma exposure tolerance and counter numbing symptoms, the second to elicit trauma responses fully, and the third to weaken trauma responses. The first client with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who was treated with PEC is presented. A statistical technique for analyzing single-case subject designs was used to evaluate the treatment. PEC effectively decreased the client's PTSD and associated psychopathology. Crucial differences between PEC and other behavioral treatments are discussed. An associative functional model is presented as a potentially useful conceptualization of PTSD, depression, and other anxiety disorders.