Soil-induced oxidation and subsequent polymerization of aromatic amines is an important pathway for reducing the mobility of amines in soils and their hazard potential in the environment. This study assesses the hypothesis that manganese(III/IV) oxides/hydroxides play a significant role in the oxidation of aromatic amines in whole soils. Aromatic amines including alpha-naphthylamine, p-methoxyaniline, and aniline were allowed to react in aqueous whole soil suspensions for 5 d. Irreversible binding and/or transformation of amines were estimated using a rigorous extraction method and extractable transformation products were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry. The Mn speciation shifts in the soil residue after amine-soil reactions were measured using a successive fractionation method and in-situ using X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. A fraction of each of the three amines became irreversibly sorbed, and a large polymer formation was observed for alpha-naphthylamine and p-methoxyaniline. The increase in the irreversibly sorbed/transformed amine fraction over time was concomitant with the reduction of Mn(III/IV) to Mn(II), although oxidation by Mn(III/IV) was not sufficient to account for all amine irreversibly lost. Oxidation by soil Mn did contribute to immobilizing amines within organic matter and to the formation of large aromatic amine polymers, which serves to reduce mobility and bioavailability of aromatic amines in the natural environment.
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