Are psychosocial factors associated with the pathogenesis and consequences of cardiovascular disease in the elderly?

It is well known that older individuals are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, evidence exists for the relationship between psychosocial factors and the pathogenesis and cognitive consequences of CVD. However, less is known about the effect of psychosocial factors on the development and consequences of CVD in older individuals. Using a biopsychosocial framework, this article examines the influence of psychosocial factors, specifically depression, anxiety, and social isolation on older persons with CVD as well as the influence of CVD on psychosocial factors. The effectiveness of interventions for modifying adverse psychosocial factors is also discussed.