Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Previously we found that some cyclopenteone prostaglandin derivatives (PGs), referred to as neurite outgrowth-promoting PGs (NEPPs), have dual biological activities of promoting neurite outgrowth and preventing neuronal death [Satoh et al. (2000) J. Neurochem., 75, 1092-1102; Satoh et al. (2001) J. Neurochem., 77, 50-62; Satoh et al. (2002) In Kikuchi, II. (ed.), Strategenic Medical Science Against Brain Attack. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, pp. 78-93]. To investigate possible cellular mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects, we performed oligo hybridization-based DNA array analysis with mRNA isolated from HT22, a cell line that originated from a mouse hippocampal neuron. Several transcripts up-regulated by NEPP11 were identified. Because heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNA was the most prominently induced and was earlier reported to protect neuronal and non-neuronal cells against oxidative stress, we focused on it as a possible candidate responsible for the neuroprotective effects. We found NEPP11 to induce HO-1 protein (32 kDa) in HT22 cells in both the presence and the absence of glutamate, whereas non-neuroprotective prostaglandins (PGs) Delta12-PGJ2 or PGA2 did not. Overexpression of HO-1-green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein significantly protected HT22 cells against oxidative glutamate toxicity, whereas that of GFP alone did not. Furthermore, biliverdin and bilirubin, products of HO-1 enzymatic activity on heme, protected HT22 cells from oxidative glutamate toxicity. These results, together with our previous results, suggest that NEPP11 activates the expression of HO-1 and that HO-1 produces biliverdin and bilirubin, which result in the inhibition of neuronal death induced by oxidative stress. NEPP11 is the first molecular probe reported to have a neuroprotective action through induction of HO-1 in neuronal cells.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02688.x | DOI Listing |
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