Pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis are common infectious disease problems in people who are HIV seropositive in southern Africa. For many years two inexpensive antibiotics, penicillin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) had been effective in treatment, but recently resistance to these agents has been reported from many parts of the world. This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns in invasive pneumococci from hospital patients in Harare, Zimbabwe. A total of 160 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from blood cultures and CSF cultures were examined. The isolates came from adults and children in hospital in Harare between 1994 and 2000. The majority of isolates came from HIV positive adults (74%) and children (75%). Isolates of pneumococci with an MIC of 1.0 mg/l or more were first seen in 1997 and by 2000 they made up 35% of all isolates. Significantly more isolates from HIV seropositive patients (50%) showed reduced susceptibility to penicillin compared with isolates from HIV seronegative patients (16%), and high level resistance (MIC 1.0 mg/l or higher) was found in 16% isolates from HIV positive patients compared with 6% isolates from HIV seronegative patients. Resistance to TMP-SMX was common, with more than 50% isolates from HIV positive and HIV negative patients having reduced susceptibility to this antibiotic combination.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(03)00052-9 | DOI Listing |
Front Immunol
January 2025
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States.
Epidemiological evidence suggests that post-menopausal women are more susceptible to HIV infection following sexual intercourse than are younger cohorts for reasons that remain unclear. Here, we evaluated how menopause-associated changes in CD4 T cell numbers and subsets as well as HIV coreceptor expression, particularly CCR5, in the endometrium (EM), endocervix (CX), and ectocervix (ECX) may alter HIV infection susceptibility. Using a tissue-specific mixed cell infection model, we demonstrate that while no changes in CD14 macrophage infection susceptibility were observed, CD4 T cell HIV-1 infection frequency increases following menopause in the EM, but not CX nor ECX.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Antimicrob Chemother
January 2025
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
Background: The use of fluconazole for long-term oral candidiasis treatment in HIV/AIDS patients can potentially affect the clearance rate and antifungal efficacy of voriconazole against Talaromyces marneffei infection. We isolated two T. marneffei strains that were both resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground And Aims: People who have diabetes mellitus (DM) are thought to be more susceptible to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Several published comparative investigations have reported that chest x-ray images from PTB with DM are considered atypical due to their frequent involvement of the lower lung field (LLF). This study aimed to investigate the frequency of lower lung field tuberculosis (LLF-TB) in DM and the risk factor of DM for the development of TB.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFViruses
December 2024
Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
Treatment options for viral infections are limited and viruses have proven adept at evolving resistance to many existing therapies, highlighting a significant vulnerability in our defenses. In response to this challenge, we explored the modulation of cellular RNA metabolic processes as an alternative paradigm to antiviral development. Previously, the small molecule 5342191 was identified as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 replication by altering viral RNA accumulation at doses that minimally affect host gene expression.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicroorganisms
December 2024
STI Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
We investigated whether the maximum residual levels of trimethoprim permitted in food (Acceptable Daily Intake-ADI) could select for de novo trimethoprim resistance in in vivo. We designed chronic infection models of in and exposed them to sub-ADI doses of trimethoprim through a single-dosing regimen. The emergence of trimethoprim resistance was determined by isolating the target bacteria on selective agar plates, followed by species confirmation using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
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