AI Article Synopsis
- Early research on protein transduction domains (PTDs) indicated they could quickly enter cells without needing receptors or endosomes, utilizing domains like those from Tat and Antennapedia.
- Recent studies suggest that this cell uptake is due to the positive charge of PTDs, leading to electrostatic binding to cell membranes followed by endocytosis, rather than direct transport.
- The insights into their uptake mechanisms prompt a reassessment of the effectiveness of PTDs for delivering biological tools in laboratory and living systems.
Article Abstract
Early studies with protein transduction domains (PTDs), such as those derived from Tat and Drosophila Antennapedia, showed rapid, receptor- and endosomal-independent uptake of conjugated biological tools into all cell types. However, recent mechanistic studies suggest that these observations were artefacts of the positively charged nature of PTDs and that uptake is instead via electrostatic binding to the plasma membrane and subsequent endocytosis. Given these observations, we assess the future utility of PTDs for in vitro and in vivo cellular delivery.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-6147(03)00076-2 | DOI Listing |
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