In the parallel map theory, the hippocampus encodes space with 2 mapping systems. The bearing map is constructed primarily in the dentate gyrus from directional cues such as stimulus gradients. The sketch map is constructed within the hippocampus proper from positional cues. The integrated map emerges when data from the bearing and sketch maps are combined. Because the component maps work in parallel, the impairment of one can reveal residual learning by the other. Such parallel function may explain paradoxes of spatial learning, such as learning after partial hippocampal lesions, taxonomic and sex differences in spatial learning, and the function of hippocampal neurogenesis. By integrating evidence from physiology to phylogeny, the parallel map theory offers a unified explanation for hippocampal function.
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address:
Introduction: As the drug toxicity crisis continues to evolve globally, harms related to non-opioid substances, including stimulants, have risen in parallel. Our study aims were to describe trends in accidental stimulant toxicity deaths and to characterize demographic characteristics of decedents and the circumstances surrounding death.
Methods: We conducted a population-based repeated cross-sectional study, of all accidental stimulant toxicity deaths between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2021, in Ontario, Canada.
Cellular activity is spatially organized across different organelles. While several structures are well-characterized, many organelles have unknown roles. Profiling biomolecular composition is key to understanding function but is difficult to achieve in the context of small, dynamic structures.
Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:
This study explored convolutional autoencoder (CAE)-based feature extraction from entire two-trace two-dimensional (2T2D) correlation maps as a promising tool to enhance the accuracy of vibrational spectroscopy-based discriminant analysis. Although 2T2D correlation maps constructed using only a pair of spectra were effective to highlight minute spectral differences, there was an excessive number of features (variables). Thus, only slice spectra at a wavenumber chosen from the map were typically used for discriminant analysis.
Purpose: Assessing scapulothoracic kinematics typically involves visually observing patients during movement, which has limited inter- and intraobserver reliability. Dynamic rasterstereography (DRS) records, measures and visualizes surface structures in real time, using a curvature map to colour-code convex, concave and saddle-shaped structures on the body surface. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of DRS-assisted observation in identifying dyskinetic scapulothoracic patterns.
Interconversion of the oxidation states of uranium enables separations and reactivity schemes involving this element and contributes to technologies for recycling of spent nuclear fuels. The redox behaviors of uranium species impact these processes, but use of electrochemical methods to drive reactions of molecular uranium complexes and to obtain molecular insights into the outcomes of electrode-driven reactions has received far less attention than it deserves. Here, we show that electro-reduction of the uranyl ion (UO) can be used to promote stepwise functionalization of the typically unreactive oxo groups with exogenous triphenylborane (BPh) serving as a moderate electrophile, avoiding the conventional requirement for a chemical reductant.
