Costs of quality management systems in long-term care organizations: an exploration.

The article describes a method for measuring and reporting the costs of quality management in 11 long-term care organizations (nursing homes, home health care organizations, and homes for the elderly) and a national survey in 489 organizations providing long-term care. Site visits and a questionnaire were used to measure the existence of quality management (QM) activities and investigate the costs per QM activity in more detail. Health care organizations differentiate between regular activities and QM activities. The costs of QM activities were found to vary between 0.3% and 3.5% of the budget in three nursing homes. An extrapolation of the costs of QM activities to the entire sector shows that the long-term care sector spent between 0.8% and 3.5% of the overall budget for QM in 1999. The costs of developing and implementing QM activities are higher than the costs of monitoring. Most long-term care organizations have no insight into failure costs (i.e. the costs of quality deviations). This makes it impossible for health care organizations to draw conclusions about the cost-effectiveness of QM.