There is clear evidence that certain forms of immunotherapy can be successful against certain cancers. However, it would appear that cancerous cells of various origin are exceptionally adept at subverting the immune response. Consequently, it is probable that the most efficacious therapy will be one in which multiple responses of the immune system are activated. There is currently an embarrassment of riches with regard to multiple vaccine strategies in the clinic, although no single method seems to hold the solution. Here, we draw together several of the humoral- and cellular-activating strategies currently under clinical investigation.
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