Rats' rates of leverpressing for low-concentration liquid-sucrose reinforcers in the first half of an experimental session increase when food pellet, rather than sucrose, reinforcers will be available in the second half. Experiment 1 determined that this induction effect was the outcome of food pellet reinforcement's increasing response rates, not of continued sucrose reinforcement's decreasing them. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that induction was primarily controlled by the conditions of reinforcement in the current session, not by those in the previous one. Experiment 4 showed little evidence that the induction was the outcome of Pavlovian processes. These results suggest that induction may occur because of processes operating at the level of the entire session. They also provide a link to a seemingly related area of study: contrast effects. Some of the results are consistent with what is known about contrast effects, but there are also several, yet unexplained differences.
Unlabelled: The human population is steadily increasing and new alternative protein sources are necessary to secure food safety. There is a growing interest in macroalgae, or seaweed, as an alternative food source as they are rich in nutrients, minerals and carbohydrates. Among the diverse species of macroalga, , a red seaweed of growing interest due to its high protein content, represents a potential candidate for contributing to food security and animal feed.
Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611. Electronic address:
Biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO) are a source of foodborne pathogens that can contaminate fresh produce. This study evaluated the survival of E. coli over 140 d in agricultural soils amended with composted poultry litter (PL), heat-treated poultry pellets (HTPP), or unamended (UN) in Florida (FL) and Georgia (GA).
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of disability among US adults and most commonly affects the knee. Guidelines for knee OA treatment include behavioral, nonpharmacological, pharmacological, and surgical interventions. While emerging knee OA treatments show promise for pain control, data gaps remain regarding the efficacy, safety, comparative effectiveness, and real-world value of treatments.
Anaerobic digestate represents a valuable organic by-product, with one of the main challenges being its enhanced utilization. Pelletization offers potential benefits by improving the digestate's storability, facilitating transport, and significantly expanding its application as a fertilizer or biofuel. Understanding the mechanisms of densification and their impact on the final product quality is essential and served as the inspiration for this research.
The effects of supplemental Zn within steroidal implant strategy on performance, carcass characteristics, trace mineral status, and muscle gene expression were tested in a 59-d study using 128 Angus-crossbred steers (492 ± 29 kg) in a 2 × 4 complete randomized design. Implant strategies included no implant (NoIMP) or Component TE-200 (TE200; Elanco, Greenfield, IN) administered on day 0. Zinc was supplemented at 0, 30, 100, or 150 mg Zn/kg dry matter (Zn0, Zn30, Zn100, Zn150, respectively) from ZnSO4.
