The human aristaless-related homeobox ( ARX) gene is mutated in several patients with X-linked mental retardation and/or other neurologic pathologies. We report the isolation and expression pattern of a Xenopus arx gene. Similar to other vertebrate arx genes, Xenopus arx is expressed in the developing telencephalon, diencephalon, and floor plate.
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Pax4 is not essential for beta-cell differentiation in zebrafish embryos but modulates alpha-cell generation by repressing arx gene expression.
BMC Dev Biol
December 2012
Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Giga-Research, University of Liège, 1 avenue de l'Hôpital B34, Sart-Tilman B-4000, Belgium.
Background: Genetic studies in mouse have demonstrated the crucial function of PAX4 in pancreatic cell differentiation. This transcription factor specifies β- and δ-cell fate at the expense of α-cell identity by repressing Arx gene expression and ectopic expression of PAX4 in α-cells is sufficient to convert them into β-cells. Surprisingly, no Pax4 orthologous gene can be found in chicken and Xenopus tropicalis raising the question of the function of pax4 gene in lower vertebrates such as in fish.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe Xenopus Irx genes are essential for neural patterning and define the border between prethalamus and thalamus through mutual antagonism with the anterior repressors Fezf and Arx.
Dev Biol
May 2009
Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
The Iroquois (Irx) genes encode homeoproteins conserved during evolution. Vertebrate genomes contain six Irx genes organized in two clusters, IrxA (which harbors Irx1, Irx2 and Irx4) and IrxB (which harbors Irx3, Irx5 and Irx6). To determine the precise role of these genes during development and their putative redundancies, we conducted a comparative expression analysis and a comprehensive loss-of-function study of all the early expressed Irx genes (Irx1-5) using specific morpholinos in Xenopus.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFxArx2: an aristaless homolog that regulates brain regionalization during development in Xenopus laevis.
Genesis
January 2009
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
The aristaless-related gene, Arx, plays a fundamental role in patterning the brain in humans and mice. Arx mutants exhibit lissencephaly among other anomalies. We have cloned a Xenopus aristaless homolog that appears to define specific regions of the developing forebrain.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe function of the Aristaless-related homeobox (Arx) gene product as a transcriptional repressor is diminished by mutations associated with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR).
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
December 2008
Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
The Aristaless-related homeobox (Arx) is mutated in patients with X-linked mental retardation and a range of other neurological diseases. The molecular consequences of these mutations are unclear. Here, we show that two disease-associated mutations disrupt the function of Arx as a transcriptional repressor.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPromoting ectopic pancreatic fates: pancreas development and future diabetes therapies.
Clin Genet
October 2008
Laboratory of Molecular Organogenesis, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Diabetes is a disease that could be treated more effectively with a better understanding of pancreas development. This review examines the role of master regulator genes driving crucial steps in pancreas development, from foregut specification to differentiation of the five endocrine cell types. The roles of Pdx1, Ptf1a, and Ngn3 are particularly examined as they are both necessary and sufficient for promoting pancreatic cell fates (Pdx1, Ptf1a) and endocrine cell development (Ngn3).
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