Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) inserts between the leaner permit and full licensure an intermediate or "provisional" license that allows novices to drive unsupervised but subject to provisions intended to reduce the risks that accompany entry into highway traffic. Introduction of GDL has been followed by lowered accident rates, resulting from both limiting exposure of novices to unsafe situations and by helping them to deal with them more safely. Sources of safer driving include extended learning, early intervention, contingent advancement, and multistage instruction. To extend the learning process, most GDL systems lengthen the duration of the learner phase and require a specified level of adult-supervised driving. Results indicate that extended learning can reduce accidents substantially if well structured and highly controlled. Early intervention with novice traffic violators have shown both a general deterrent effect upon novice violators facing suspension and a specific effect upon those who have experienced it. Making advancement to full licensure contingent upon a violation-free record when driving on the provisional license has also evidenced a reduction in accidents and violations during that phase of licensure. Multistage instruction attempts development of advanced skills only after novices have had a chance to master more basic skills. Although this element of GDL has yet to be evaluated, research indicates crash reduction is possible in situations where it does not increase exposure to risk. While the various elements of GDL have demonstrated potential benefit in enhancing the safety of novice drivers, considerable improvement in the nature and enforcement of GDL requirements is needed to realize that potential.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4375(02)00084-1 | DOI Listing |
JMIR Res Protoc
January 2025
School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Japan.
Background: The worldwide rise in the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases has increased the recognition of the need to identify modifiable risk factors for preventing and managing these diseases. The office worker, as a representative group of physically inactive workers, is exposed to risk factors for metabolic syndrome, which is a primary driver of noncommunicable diseases. The use of virtual reality (VR) exergames may offer a potential solution to the problem of increasing noncommunicable disease prevalence, as it can help individuals increase their physical activity levels while providing a more immersive experience.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTransl Lung Cancer Res
December 2024
Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
Background: Perioperative treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is attracting attention. The effect of neoadjuvant tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy on postoperative long-term outcomes in patients with driver gene mutations remains unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the long-term survival outcomes of patients with stage III NSCLC harboring driver gene mutations who received preoperative TKI therapy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Genet Couns
February 2025
Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Since the first genetic counseling program (GCP) was established in 1969, there has been a proliferation of growth and demand for genetic counselors. Advances in technology, affordable access to genetic testing, public genomic health initiatives, and diversifying clinical and non-clinical roles comprise a dynamic environment that GCPs must respond to. While there is extensive literature regarding how other health professions adapt their curricula to changing environments, this has yet to be documented and explored for genetic counseling.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Health Serv Res
January 2025
Department of Paediatrics, Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, USA.
Background: Caregiver concern is the main driver to paediatric emergency departments visits. Understanding caregiver worries is crucial to guide patients to the most appropriate healthcare setting. Previous research shows mixed findings on the accordance between caregiver assessment and professional triage.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCorticocortical (CC) projections in the visual system facilitate hierarchical processing of sensory information. In addition to direct CC connections, indirect cortico-thalamo-cortical (CTC) pathways through the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus can relay sensory signals and mediate cortical interactions according to behavioral demands. While the pulvinar connects extensively to the entire visual cortex, it is unknown whether transthalamic pathways link all cortical areas or whether they follow systematic organizational rules.
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