A simple and innovative assay is described which allows the chiral separation of the four enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, with performance characteristics adequate for therapeutic drug monitoring. The assay requires liquid-liquid extraction into acetonitrile/n-hexane/isopropylic alcohol and re-extraction into phosphoric acid for clean-up. The acidic layer is injected onto the HPLC system after filtering. Separation of the analytes is achieved with a Chiralcel ODR column and a mobile phase consisting of potassium hexafluorophosphate/acetonitrile. Detection is made by ultraviolet absorbance at 227 nm. Standard curves are linear for each enantiomer (r(2)>/=0.992) over the range of 10-1000 ng/ml with a limit of quantification of 10 ng/ml for each enantiomer. Within-day and between-day CV% are =10% for each enantiomer.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00820-6 | DOI Listing |
J Xenobiot
November 2024
REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
Pharmaceutical residues in aquatic ecosystems pose significant environmental and public health challenges. Identifying the presence and levels of these pharmaceuticals is crucial. This study developed an analytical method to detect pharmaceuticals used for Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) disease, including psychiatric drugs and the stimulant caffeine, targeting 30 compounds.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWater Res
January 2025
University of Coimbra, MARE/ARNET, Department of Life Sciences, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.
The presence of pharmaceuticals in urban freshwater has been considered an emerging issue. Although rivers are better studied, the streams crossing the cities, which are prone to higher concentrations of pharmaceuticals, and with a higher potential to affect animals, plant and human health, were never specifically addressed in a review. Thus, here we performed a literature review on the existing pharmaceutical contamination and impacts of these compounds in the urban stream ecosystems.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMar Pollut Bull
November 2024
Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland. Electronic address:
Chemosphere
October 2024
Hydrosciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Montpellier Alliance for Metabolomics and Metabolism Analysis, Platform on non-target exposomics and metabolomics (PONTEM), Biocampus, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. Electronic address:
The significant rise in antidepressant consumption in recent years was accentuated by COVID-19 pandemic. Among these antidepressant, fluoxetine, a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI), is the most prescribed worldwide. The present study investigated its bioaccumulation and metabolization in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, generally recognized as a reliable bioindicator for assessing environmental quality and the accumulation of various contaminants.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Pharmacol Toxicol
August 2024
Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
Background: Fluoxetine is present in breast milk, yet it is unclear to what extent it, or its active metabolite, norfluoxetine, reaches the brain of the infant and what the effects of such exposure on neurobiological processes are. We therefore aimed to quantify the concentration of passively administered fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in the whole brains of exposed Flinders sensitive line (FSL) offspring and establish their influence on serotonergic function and redox status.
Methods: Adult FSL dams received fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day), or placebo for fourteen days, beginning on postpartum day 04.
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