Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Although several epidemiologic studies show an association between arsenic exposure and prostate cancer, it is still unknown whether human prostate epithelial cells are directly susceptible to arsenic-induced transformation. This study was designed to determine whether the nontumorigenic human prostate epithelial cell line RWPE-1 could be malignantly transformed in vitro by arsenite. RWPE-1 cells were continuously exposed to 5 micro M arsenite and monitored for signs of transformation, assessed as changes in matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels. After 29 weeks of exposure, the arsenite-exposed RWPE-1 cells (referred to as CAsE-PE) showed a marked increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion, a common finding in prostate malignancies. Malignant transformation was confirmed when CAsE-PE cells produced aggressive undifferentiated malignant epithelial tumors in nude mice. The tumors stained positive for human prostate-specific antigen, confirming their origin. These results are the first report of arsenite-induced malignant transformation of a human epithelial cell line and provide an important in vitro model for studying the mechanisms underlying arsenic-induced carcinogenesis in humans.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.24.1888 | DOI Listing |
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