A maturation-dependent change in phenotype and cytokine production from relatively immature CD161(-) or CD161(+), IL-13(+)IL-4(+), IFN-gamma(-), to mature CD161(+)CD56(+) IFN-gamma(+) cells occurs in primary human alpha-galactosyl ceramide-reactive CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells under the control of IL-12 and other monokines. Modulation of this process upon alpha-galactosyl ceramide stimulation explains the opposite roles of NKT cells to drive type 1 and type 2 immune responses. Because the same developmental changes occurred and were similarly regulated in T cells, the data establish that NKT cells should no longer be considered a functionally unique regulatory subset. However, the results of their analysis can be taken as a model for immunotherapeutic approaches with T cells for which a nominal or surrogate antigen is defined.
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