Hyperammonemia in neonates and infants affects brain development and causes mental retardation. We report that ammonium impaired cholinergic axonal growth and altered localization and phosphorylation of intermediate neurofilament protein in rat reaggregated brain cell primary cultures. This effect was restricted to the phase of early maturation but did not occur after synaptogenesis. Exposure to NH4Cl decreased intracellular creatine, phosphocreatine, and ADP. We demonstrate that creatine cotreatment protected axons from ammonium toxic effects, although this did not restore high-energy phosphates. The protection by creatine was glial cell-dependent. Our findings suggest that the means to efficiently sustain CNS creatine concentration in hyperammonemic neonates and infants should be assessed to prevent impairment of axonogenesis and irreversible brain damage.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-22-09810.2002 | DOI Listing |
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Chair for Integrated Systems and Photonics, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
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Department of Biochemistry, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
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Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France.
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