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The stoichiometry of the α4β2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors determines the pharmacological properties of the neonicotinoids, and recently introduced butenolide and sulfoximine.
Neurotoxicology
January 2025
Laboratoire Physiologie, Ecologie and Environnement (P2E), Université d'Orléans, UR 1207, USC-INRAE 1328, 1 rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes 75005 Paris, France. Electronic address:
Although neonicotinoids were considered safe for mammals for many decades, recent research has proven that these insecticides can alter cholinergic functions by interacting with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs). One such receptor is the heteromeric α4β2 nAChR, which exists under two different stoichiometries: high sensitivity and low sensitivity α4β2 nAChRs. To replace these insecticides, new classes of insecticides have been developed, such as, sulfoximine, sulfoxaflor, and the butanolide, flupyradifurone.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRegulation of Dopamine Release by Tonic Activity Patterns in the Striatal Brain Slice.
ACS Chem Neurosci
January 2025
Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States.
Voluntary movement, motivation, and reinforcement learning depend on the activity of ventral midbrain neurons, which extend axons to release dopamine (DA) in the striatum. These neurons exhibit two patterns of action potential activity: low-frequency tonic activity that is intrinsically generated and superimposed high-frequency phasic bursts that are driven by synaptic inputs. acute striatal brain preparations are widely employed to study the regulation of evoked DA release but exhibit very different DA release kinetics than recordings.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjectives: The current gold standard for immunofluorescent (IF) visualization of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in muscle utilizes frozen tissue sections with fluorescent conjugated antibodies to demarcate neurons and IF alpha-bungarotoxin (α-BTX) to demarcate motor endplates. Frozen tissue sectioning comes with inherent inescapable limitations, including cryosectioning artifact and limited sample shelf-life. However, a parallel approach to identify NMJs in paraffin-embedded tissue sections has not been previously described.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGlabridin Hypnosis in Zebrafish Larvae Is Associated With Effects on Multiple Anesthetic Target Receptors.
Anesth Analg
November 2024
From the Department of Anesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Background: R-Glabridin is a major flavonoid of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root and known to modulate GABAA receptors, which are targets of many clinical hypnotics. However, R-glabridin hypnotic activity has not been reported in animals.
Methods: Inverted photomotor responses (IPMRs) were used to assess the hypnotic effects of natural R-glabridin and synthetic R/S-glabridin in wild-type zebrafish larvae and transgenic larvae lacking functional GABAA receptor β3 subunits (β30/0).
Galantamine-Memantine Combination in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Dementia.
Brain Sci
November 2024
Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects over 1% of population over age 60. It is defined by motor and nonmotor symptoms including a spectrum of cognitive impairments known as Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Currently, the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for PDD is rivastigmine, which inhibits acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase increasing the level of acetylcholine in the brain.
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