In 1994-1995 there was an epidemic of hepatitis A (HAV) among drug abusers in the county of Blekinge, Sweden. There were also a number of other cases in which the epidemiological links were unclear. In order to uncover possible links between unclear cases retrospective sequencing was carried out of the VP1 region of HAV-RNA from patient sera. It was found that the epidemic among drug abusers spread beyond their closest contacts, revealing links that would otherwise not have been suspected. The extent of the epidemic also demonstrated the need to vaccinate injecting drug users against hepatitis A.
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Global expansion of microphysiological systems (MPS) and Japan's initiatives: Innovation in pharmaceutical development and path to regulatory acceptance.
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Division of Pharmacology, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan; Sojo University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Life Science, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, 816-0082, Japan. Electronic address:
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