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Plant-herbivore interactions reciprocally influence species' evolutionary trajectories. These interactions have led to many physical and chemical defenses across the plant kingdom. Some plants have even evolved indirect defense strategies to outsource their protection to ant bodyguards by bribing them with a sugary reward (nectar).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA study on the path of governance in health insurance fraud considering moral hazard.
Front Public Health
October 2023
School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China.
Combating health insurance fraud is of utmost importance to physicians, patients, and health insurers. To delve into the mechanisms of health insurance fraud between doctors and patients, this study employed evolutionary game theory to construct a model that comprehensively considers moral hazard, fraud cost, reward, punishment, bribes from patients, and other factors. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of the model, the study discovered that the evolution of governance behavior in health insurance fraud is closely linked to its initial construction of the payment matrix and the initial selection of parameters for the payment matrix.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNurses' beliefs, attitudes, and opinions regarding a smoking ban in a psychiatric hospital.
Nursing
April 2022
Renata Marques de Oliveira is a professor at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil. At the University of São Paulo in Brazil, Jair Lício Ferreira Santos is a senior professor in the Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, and Antonia Regina Ferreira Furegato is a senior professor in the Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto.
Purpose: This study aims to identify the beliefs, attitudes, and opinions of nursing professionals associated with tobacco smoking and its prohibition in a psychiatric hospital in Brazil.
Methods: Using a cross-sectional epidemiologic study, a total of 73 nursing professionals in a smoke-free psychiatric hospital were interviewed. The Varimax Rotation and the Fisher's exact test at a 5% significance level were used to analyze the responses.
Perturbation of Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Makes Power Holders Less Resistant to Tempting Bribes.
Psychol Sci
March 2022
Neuroeconomics, Reward and Decision Making Laboratory, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lyon, France.
Bribery is a common form of corruption that takes place when a briber suborns a power holder to achieve an advantageous outcome at the cost of moral transgression. Although bribery has been extensively investigated in the behavioral sciences, its underlying neurobiological basis remains poorly understood. Here, we employed transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) in combination with a novel paradigm ( = 119 adults) to investigate whether disruption of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) causally changed bribe-taking decisions of power holders.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe Singaporean model in public goods dilemmas with benevolent leaders and bribery.
J Theor Biol
September 2020
College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China. Electronic address:
Public goods dilemmas are at the heart of some of the greatest challenges of our time, including climate inaction, growing inequality, and the overuse of natural resources. The public goods game in which cooperators contribute to a common pool that is then shared equally with defectors who contribute nothing captures the gist of the problem. Cooperators therefore cannot prevail, which ultimately leads to the tragedy of the commons.
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