The antigenic diversity, rapid genetic integration into host cell DNA, and immune evasion tactics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) create formidable obstacles to the development of an effective vaccine against it. In spite of this, the advent of conformationally constrained HIV-1 Env and gp120 immunogens has made it feasible to formulate HIV-1 vaccines that induce broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies and afford protection through humoral mechanisms. This paper reviews recent advances made by the authors toward the development of an HIV-1 vaccine that elicits such antibodies in both the mucosal and systemic immune compartments.
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