The two chain "Insulin/Insulin-like Growth Factor-I" hybrids, Ins/IGF-I(8) and Ins/IGF-I(11), were obtained by means of enzymatic semisynthesis, using desoctapeptide insulin (DOI) and the octapeptide and undecapeptide chemically synthesized according to the sequence 22-29 and 22-32 of IGF-I respectively as the starting materials. Comparative studies of the molecules with insulin indicate that the hybrid molecules retain in vivo the full activity of insulin. So the replacement of B27Thr by Asn and B30Ala by Thr, and the exchange of the sequence orders of B25 and B26, B28 and B29, as well as the extension of tripeptide (Gly-Tyr-Gly) at the B30 do not affect insulin activity.
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Stem Cell Res Ther
July 2024
Institute of Stomatology & Oral Maxilla Facial Key Laboratory, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
Background: Insulin has been known to regulate bone metabolism, yet its specific molecular mechanisms during the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the effects of insulin on the bone formation capability of human DPSCs and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Methods: Cell proliferation was assessed using a CCK-8 assay.
Animals (Basel)
October 2023
Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
After estrus, when mature follicles fail to ovulate, they may further develop to form follicular cysts, affecting the normal function of ovaries, reducing the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows and causing economic losses to cattle farms. However, the key points of ovarian follicular cysts pathogenesis remain largely unclear. The purpose of the current research was to analyze the formation mechanism of ovarian follicular cysts from hormone and gene expression profiles.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCurr Issues Mol Biol
October 2023
Department Normal Physiology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, ul. Revoliucionnaya 5, 150000 Yaroslavl, Russia.
The hypothalamus is an important regulator of autonomic and endocrine functions also involved in aging regulation. The aging process in the hypothalamus is accompanied by disturbed intracellular signaling including insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/growth hormone (GH), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB), and nitric oxide (NO). In the current review, I have summarized the current understanding of the changes in the above-mentioned pathways in aging with a focus on hypothalamic alterations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAgeing Res Rev
June 2023
Tally Health, Inc., New York, New York, USA. Electronic address:
The restriction of calories, branched-chain amino acids, and methionine have all been shown to extend lifespan in model organisms. Recently, glycine was found to boost longevity in genetically heterogenous mice. This simple amino acid similarly extends lifespan in rats and improves health in mammalian models of age-related disease.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
January 2023
Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
Members of the insulin superfamily regulate pleiotropic biological processes through two types of target-specific but structurally conserved peptides, insulin/insulin-like growth factors and relaxin/insulin-like peptides. The latter bind to the human relaxin family peptide receptors (RXFPs). Here, we report three cryo-electron microscopy structures of RXFP4-G protein complexes in the presence of the endogenous ligand insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) or one of the two small molecule agonists, compound 4 and DC591053.
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