Under review are investigations of the contractile structure of skeletal muscles of humans and animals (rats and primates) following space flight, long-term hypokinesia, immersion (human subjects) and head-down suspension (rats). Close consideration is given to experimental testing of hypotheses concerning neuronal, humoral and cell processes leading to atrophy. Described are consistencies and mechanisms of changes in the myosin phenotype and electromechanic coupling in muscular fibers as well as their capillarization and energy potential.
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