Microtubules and parental genome organisation during abnormal fertilisation in humans.

We analysed the distribution of beta-tubulins, acetylated alpha-tubulins and chromatin configuration in 113 human zygotes showing abnormal fertilisation, 16-18 h after conventional in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). After a first characterisation using phase contrast microscopy, immunofluorescence staining was performed in 67 IVF and 46 ICSI zygotes that developed one, three or more pronuclei and/or subnuclei, with or without extrusion of the second polar body. Independently of the number of pronuclei found, beta-tubulins were uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the abnormal zygotes. We did not observe any kind of microtubule alteration with respect of the ploidy level and/or its origin. The most frequent abnormal fertilisation pattern found after IVF was the presence of three or four pronuclei (74.6%). On the other hand, the presence of one pronucleus (63.0%) was the main pattern found after ICSI. No differences between the two groups were seen in terms of development of subnuclei. Anamolies detected after IVF and ICSI showed different aetiologies such as parthenogenetic activation, gynogenetic or androgenetic development, as well as digynic or diandric fertilisation.