The Eph and ephrin system, consisting of fourteen Eph receptor tyrosine kinase proteins and nine ephrin membrane proteins in vertebrates, has been implicated in the regulation of many critical events during development. Binding of cell surface Eph and ephrin proteins results in bi-directional signals, which regulate the cytoskeletal, adhesive and motile properties of the interacting cells. Through these signals Eph and ephrin proteins are involved in early embryonic cell movements, which establish the germ layers, cell movements involved in formation of tissue boundaries and the pathfinding of axons. This review focuses on two vertebrate models, the zebrafish and mouse, in which experimental perturbation of Eph and/or ephrin expression in vivo have provided important insights into the role and functioning of the Eph/ephrin system.
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Article Synopsis
- EFNA4 influences liver cancer (HCC) through two mechanisms: one that binds to Eph receptors and another that operates independently of them.
- Despite a lack of Eph receptors, EFNA4 still promotes HCC cell growth and spread as well as inhibiting ferroptosis, a type of cell death.
- The study reveals that EFNA4 interacts with the protein SLC7A11 to prevent its degradation, enhancing HCC progression and suggesting EFNA4 as a potential marker and target for HCC treatment.
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