Numerous previous studies of GABA(A) receptor ligands have suggested that GABA(A) receptor agonists must be zwitterionic and feature an intercharge separation similar to that of GABA (approx. 4.7-6A). In this communication we demonstrate that appropriately functionalized GABA amides are partial, full, or superagonists, despite their non-zwitterionic structure.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00299-8 | DOI Listing |
Exp Physiol
January 2025
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
Absence of the structural protein, dystrophin, results in the neuromuscular disorder Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). In addition to progressive skeletal muscle dysfunction, this multisystemic disorder can also result in cognitive deficits and behavioural changes that are likely to be consequences of dystrophin loss from central neurons and astrocytes. Dystrophin-deficient mdx mice exhibit decreases in grey matter volume in the hippocampus, the brain region that encodes and consolidates memories, and this is exacerbated with ageing.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPain
December 2024
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
The mesopontine tegmental anesthesia area (MPTA) is a focal brainstem locus which, when exposed to GABAergic agents, induces brain-state transitioning from wakefulness to unconsciousness. Correspondingly, MPTA lesions render animals relatively insensitive to GABAergic anesthetics delivered systemically. Using chemogenetics, we recently identified a neuronal subpopulation within the MPTA whose excitation induces this same pro-anesthetic effect.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInflamm Res
January 2025
Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Institute of Neural and Sensory Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Background: Adenosine, an ATP degradation product, is a sleep pressure factor. The adenosine 1 receptor (A1R) reports sleep need. Histaminergic neurons (HN) of the tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) fire exclusively during wakefulness and promote arousal.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnesth Analg
November 2024
From the Department of Anesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Background: R-Glabridin is a major flavonoid of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root and known to modulate GABAA receptors, which are targets of many clinical hypnotics. However, R-glabridin hypnotic activity has not been reported in animals.
Methods: Inverted photomotor responses (IPMRs) were used to assess the hypnotic effects of natural R-glabridin and synthetic R/S-glabridin in wild-type zebrafish larvae and transgenic larvae lacking functional GABAA receptor β3 subunits (β30/0).
Sci Adv
January 2025
SciLifeLab, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodävagen 23, Solna, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden.
γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABA) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system with largely inhibitory function. Despite being a target for drugs including general anesthetics and benzodiazepines, experimental structures have yet to capture an open state of classical synaptic α1β2γ2 GABA receptors. Here, we use a goal-oriented adaptive sampling strategy in molecular dynamics simulations followed by Markov state modeling to capture an energetically stable putative open state of the receptor.
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