Anthrax toxin consists of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF). PA in combination with LF (lethal toxin) is lethal to mammalian cells and is the major component of human anthrax vaccine. Immunization with PA elicits the production of neutralizing antibodies that form a major component of the protective immunity against anthrax. Recent reports have shown that neutralizing antibody titres can serve as a reliable surrogate marker for protection against anthrax. In the present study, the use of non-invasive routes such as bare skin and nose for immunization with PA on its protective immune response was investigated. Mice were inoculated intranasally (i.n.), subcutaneously (s.c.) or through the skin on days 0, 15 and 28 with purified PA. Intranasal and subcutaneous immunization with PA resulted in high IgG ELISA titers. The predominant subclass in each group was IgG1. High titres of IgA were observed only in i.n. immunized mice. In a cytotoxicity assay these sera protected J774A.1 cells from lethal toxin challenge. The results suggest that non-invasive nasal immunization may be useful in improving vaccination strategies against anthrax.
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